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MS-DOS borrowed the concept of special files from Unix but renamed them devices. These together can be called device special files in contrast to named pipes, which are not connected to a device but are not ordinary files either. The difference between them lies in how much data is read and written by the operating system and hardware. There are two general kinds of device files in Unix-like operating systems, known as character special files and block special files. Additionally, device files are useful for accessing system resources that have no connection with any actual device, such as data sinks and random number generators.
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Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions.ĭevice files usually provide simple interfaces to standard devices (such as printers and serial ports), but can also be used to access specific unique resources on those devices, such as disk partitions.
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These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard input/output system calls. There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows. For more information, see "USB Video Class Driver" under AVStream Minidrivers.In Unix-like operating systems, a device file or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. Microsoft provides USB video class support by means of the Usbvideo.sys driver. Windows 11Windows 10 for desktop editions Two important device setup classes for USB devices are as follows: For more information, see System-Defined Device Setup Classes. IHVs and OEMs can define new device setup classes, but only if none of the existing classes apply. Microsoft defines setup classes for most devices. Windows categorizes devices by device setup classes, which indicate the functionality of the device.
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The current list of USB class specifications and class codes is documented in the USB-IF Defined Class Code List.
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If some of the device's capabilities are not implemented by the class driver, vendors should provide supplementary drivers that work in conjunction with the class driver to support the entire range of functionality provided by the device.įor general information about USB-IF approved device classes see the USB Common Class Specification Windows class drivers might not support all of the features that are described in a class specification. Hardware vendors should not write drivers for the supported device classes. If a device that belongs to a supported device class is connected to a system, Windows automatically loads the class driver, and the device functions with no additional driver required. Microsoft provides in-box drivers for several of those device classes, called USB device class drivers. Each device class is identified by USB-IF approved class, subclass, and protocol codes, all of which are provided by the IHV in device descriptors in the firmware. Those classes and their specifications are defined by the USB-IF. USB device classes are categories of devices with similar characteristics and that perform common functions.
More guidelines are included in Choosing a driver model for developing a USB client driver. If a Microsoft-provided driver is not available for the USB device class to which your device belongs, then consider using generic drivers, Winusb.sys or Usbccgp.sys. If you are writing a custom driver: Before writing a driver for your USB device, determine whether a Microsoft-provided driver meets the device requirements. The drivers are updated through Windows Update. They are available in the \Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository folder. These drivers and their installation files are included in Windows.
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If you are installing USB drivers: You do not need to download USB device class drivers. For non-composite devices or a function of a composite device, use WinUSB (Winusb.sys).For composite devices, use USB Generic Parent Driver (Usbccgp.sys) that creates physical device objects (PDOs) for each function.Microsoft-provided drivers for USB-IF approved device classes.This topic lists the Microsoft-provided drivers for the supported USB device classes. If you are a customer experiencing USB problems, see Troubleshoot common USB problems